Parkinson's%20disease%20-and-%20parkinson's%20disease%20dementia Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms

Introduction

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common, age-related, chronic, progressive disorder caused by loss or degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain
Pathologic hallmark is loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons with surviving neurons often containing a characteristic cytoplasmic inclusion body (Lewy body)
Increased prevalence and incidence rates are noted in the elderly
Men have higher incidence rate, with relative risk 1.5 times more than in women

Signs and Symptoms

Early symptoms are subtle and occur gradually

Motor signs and symptoms

Resting tremor
Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Postural instability

Nonmotor signs and symptoms

Autonomic (eg gastrointestinal dysfunction, urinary and sexual dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, hyperhidrosis)
Sleep disorders (eg impaired sleep initiation and maintenance, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and excessive daytime sleepiness)
Sensory (eg pain, hyposmia, visual dysfunction)
Neuropsychiatric (eg depression, anxiety and panic attacks, dementia, psychosis)

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